Alexander Vasiljev-Muller Dr.econ(PhD)

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Conceptual approaches to the study of factors of political transformation/Lukach U.
        Democratization as a phenomenon of social and political life is the subject of a number of domestic and foreign scientists. The notion of democracy introduced in the academic community in the 1888 American political scientist D. Bryce launched the French Revolution [6, p. 133 - 134]. In broad terms, this process requires a political and social changes aimed at establishing and strengthening democratic regime. However, there is no unity among scientists in determining the essential characteristics of this notion. We agree with the ideas of modern researchers of very wide use for the characteristics of different types of social changes during the third wave, which is often unnecessary: the democratization process does not always lead to the establishment of a consolidated democracy.
      We agree with the opinion of A. Kolody that due to the expansion of the use of locus model of transition, it became a concept that explained the movement of countries from authoritarianism to democracy, a broad conceptual scheme of analysis of political and social change in general, contributed to the creation of a separate transtology direction of comparative political science and eventually to the emergence of the concept of transitional paradigm.
      Understand what the conversion path from authoritarian regimes to traditional societies as a new hide in a lot of surprises and contradictions come with time. Not all of them fit into the existing model transformation. Therefore, I believe that to give examples from history, taken for evidence and comparison, it is not necessary. The difficulties and failures of democratic practice transformational transitions induce a clearer definition of democracy, the precise parameters and factors. The only way you can be sure that installing such phenomena and processes used the same concepts and the same coordinate system.
      In my opinion, the concept of transition is not exhausted their cognitive and methodological resources, because "it is the transitional paradigm adequately explains a specific type half-revolutionary changes that have acquired a considerable spread in the late XX century." [1]. This is particularly true of non-traditional forms of social development changes a number of European countries of the former socialist camp as a result of velvet revolutions, and the color revolutions in post-Soviet space.
      Global scale processes of democratization, the immense variety of types and forms to impose modern political science series of complex issues, most important among them is the diversification of democracy. Today, it is clear that involvement in the orbit of democratic transformation of new countries and peoples "is not tantamount to political unification picture of the world, leveling the political landscape of standards and benchmarks Western liberal democracy" [5, p. 135].
     Modern political palette world unanalysable nor the old notion of the five socio-political formations, or the new "triad": Totalitarianism - Authoritarianism - Democracy. Corrective speak about the presence of hybrid socio-political models.
      Therefore, analysis of the postcommunist transformation requires new conceptual approaches, including non-linear representations of the transition to democracy. Scientists have exposed serious doubts and vector model of political transformation towards a consolidated democracy through a series of supposedly mandatory developmental stages: erosion and collapse of authoritarianism, liberalization, institutional democracy, unconsolidated democracy, democratic consolidation [3, p. 64 - 75, 4, p. 169]. The agenda appears and understanding the factors of modern democratic transformation.
      Some scientists determining factor in the democratization process considers the modernization of society. N. Latyhina notes that democratization generally causes severe internal crisis of economic, political and social structures of society, deterioration of ideology or value system, so it is directly related to the problems of modernization and serves its tool [3, p. 69 - 70]. This claim is correct and generally tends to uniqueness. However, in my opinion, not always observed a causal relationship in tandem modernization - the democratization, democratization - the modernization. In particular, in Chile during the reign of Pinochet rapid economic growth, large-scale changes in production technology, social relations symbolized the modernization process, but accompanied by a curtailment of democracy. Instead, democratic change, intended to facilitate the process of modernization in the absence of certain conditions, resources, or adequate control, leading to the disintegration of society, which is observed in Ukraine, Russia and other former Soviet states.
      Elections as a litmus test of democracy is undeniable factor in the transformation process. In a democracy the elections will not only ensure a smooth transfer of power, but also serve as an indicator of the existence of appropriate democratic order in the country. In societies that are undergoing a transformation process and elections have another function: they are one of the most important instrument of the transformation process itself and its adaptation to social needs. The level of fairness and competition shows how smooth or problem occurring transformation.
      Along with the modernization factor of modern social and political transformation is liberalization. Original understanding of the relationship of liberalism and democracy in the interpretations is the notion of "freedom." Home - freedom as a human right not be bound to perform the action. This includes rezerve for an individual space, which can not be busy or other entities, or state. Second - the freedom of people's duty to obey only the laws of development which they participate. The first interpretation gives rise to liberalism, and it also provides a second interpretation. The Liberal government is not necessarily democratic, and democratic - liberal. However, liberalism determinive limits of power and functions of the state. The high level of legitimacy - that is the factor that provides a liberal democracy in the long term advantage over other political systems. Liberal democracy is more flexible in adapting to new challenges. However, if they can not reach a certain level of stability and prosperity, their legitimacy will certainly decrease.
     Given the urgency of events, because the progressive world community recently celebrated the 20 anniversary of the fall of the Berlin wall, look at what happened with the political system of Germany in the late twentieth century. Exploring Eastern Germany note that the social changes in the Sun had a unique character because it is the only case where one state swallowed another. There existed a number of factors of democratization. In race two systems on German soil state socialism obviously lost, so many people at the end of Sun 80th of the twentieth century. performed by changing socio-economic system. In the second half of 1989 began mass flight of citizens ND CHSR and through Hungary to Austria, and then - to Germany. It was the first form of Germans vote for change.
     German reunification took place as part of the overall process of the collapse of state socialism. As a result of further transformations in East Germany had been a regional character, because the whole country consentreate effort to integrate the new land.
     The political transformation of the top anti-communism pidshtovhuvav below. November 9, 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, December 22, 1989 opened Brandenburg Gate - the symbol of the unity of the German nation, and October 3, 1990 R & D comes to the FRG. The process of German unification resulted in a record short time - for 329 days.
     During elections in March 1990, involving Germany and the party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) lost to the eastern states and its chairman Victor Brandt suffered a fiasco.
     Typically, workers in Western Europe have traditionally voted for leftist parties, which stood for social justice, supported by state policy. But in the early 90th conservative Alliance for Germany, where the dominant Christian Democrats, the victory achieved in the industrial south of the GDR. This paradox of electoral behavior associated with the popular ideas of liberalism among the miners. Because the fate of the coal industry and the status of the miners have always depended on state support and the Liberals - fans minimize state involvement in economic life and transfer its functions market.
      In the first free parliamentary seats were as well. As we can see that the East nomenclature has been removed from strategic decisions. In 1995 only 11, 9% of elite positions in the united Germany were those who in 1989 lived in the GDR. Level changes that took place in most public institutions shows.
      Displacement nomenclature elite research took place not only due to the dominance of western Germans, but also restructuring the East's elite. With political guidance and adminposts driven leaders, including the first communist reformers (G. Modrov). Only a tenth of parliament had experience in Parliament. Thus in August 1990 64% of East Germans looked to the future with optimism. The most optimistic was traditionally set up youth (74% aged 18-19).
     Germany at the present stage of integration leading power in Europe. The introduction of the euro for the German project, chairing in 1999 the EU confirmed its leading role. The Bucharest summit of NATO member countries, held in the spring of 2008 showed the influence of the German leading factor in this organization. The clear position of Germany in blocking the accession of Ukraine and Georgia into the Membership Action Plan Alliance demonstrates the political and economic potential of this state as a self-player in the political arena. Germany wants to lead a European system of checks American influence on post-Soviet states. The modern format of Ukraine-Germany relations to build capacity in view of the mounting of the state.
 
List of sources:
 
1. Charles T., Shmitter F. Democracy : conceps, postulates, hypotheses (Reflections in occasion of applicability tranzitological paradigms at studying postcomunist transformations) / T. Charles, F. Shmitter // the Policy. – 2004. – 4. – With. 6 – 27.
2. Kolody A. Ukrainian Orange Revolution : the essence and lessons for tranzytolohiyi : Materials International Science Conferention [ "The development of democracy and democratic education in Ukraine], (Lviv, 20-23 May, 2005) / A. Kolody. – Mode of access: www.democracy.kiev.ua (review date 28.11.2006).
3. Latyhina N. Ways and structural phase of the democratization of society / N. Latyhina // Political management. – 2005. – № 2. – P. 68-77.
4. Melville A. Y. The ways of postcomunism transformation / A. Y. Melville / Polis. – 2004. – № 1. – P. 64-75.
5. New democracies and /or new autocratia? Materials of a round table // the Policy. – 2004. – 1. – P. 169-177. 6. A policy: an explanatory dictionary: Russian-English / [Anderhill, Barrett, Bernell, etc.].– M.: INFRA, 2001. – 768 p.



Источник: http://azov-academy.ucoz.org/publ/stati_i_nauchnye_publikacii_articles_science/demokratichni_chinniki_v_konteksti_suchas
Категория: Scandinavia-Bavaria-Khust //Скандинавия-Бавария-Хуст /Мюллеры-Кумпаны-Валерий Васильев | Добавил: Vasiljev (2010-10-15) | Автор: Lukach U
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